Globalisation on Service Economies in the Uk free essay sample

MacKinnon amp; Cumbers (2011) defined globalisation as †¦ the increased connections †¦ in flows of goods, services, money, information and people across national and continental borders. . The globalisation process may be decomposed into constituent processes in order to explain the impacts it has had, which will be discussed more later. In turn, a service economy is one, or part of one, that is based on trade in services. A service is characterised by its intangibility, inseparability (the simultaneous production and consumption of services), heterogeneity and perishability over time and space (Regan 1963; Rathmell 1966; Shostack 1977; Zeithaml et al 1985, cited in Wolak 1998). Alternatively, services are economic activities which have no direct involvement with agriculture, mining, or manufacturing (OECD 2000). Both macro and meso-scale impacts will be examined, starting with the macro; how the service sector as a whole has changed and how globalisation may have fundamentally changed the concept of what a service might be. Inequality as a result of globalisation will then be discussed with particular reference to the North-South divide, before examining market structure changes in terms of levels of competition in the service sector. We will write a custom essay sample on Globalisation on Service Economies in the Uk or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Finally, meso-scale impacts will be considered, emphasising wage differences in the UKs service sector. Figure [ 1 ]: Percentage share of employment in the UK by sector, 1980-2008 Source: ONS 2009, cited in Faulconbridge 2010 The most profound impact has been the expansion of the service sector since the onset of globalisation in the mid-20th century. Figure 1 shows the increase in service employment from 1980 2008. Further to this, the %GDP generated by the service sector in this same period rose by approximately 20% (OECD 1996, cited in Julius amp; Butler 1998), closely mirroring the data in figure 1. Explanation for this can be found in the international division of labour (IDL) that has occurred, in which agriculture and manufacturing have moved abroad to areas that have a comparative advantage over the UK in these sectors. Bryson (2008) referred to this process as the first global shift. The result is, as Figure 1 shows, that as agriculture and manufacturing decline in the UK, services fill the gap that they have left behind. But what led to the first global shift? Offshoring, the act of transferring (predominantly lower-skilled) operations to least-cost locations abroad, is a relatively new concept which has occurred with globalisation (Coe et al 2007). In particular, the rise of Transnational Corporations (TNCs) that are involved with multiple economic sectors, has created a pronounced IDL with East Asia as a dominant choice of location for outsourcing and offshoring. An example of this is Primark Ltd, a subsidiary of Associated British Foods plc. Primarks retail stores -the service part of its operations- are predominantly in the UK, but it sources its products (manufacturing that would otherwise be done in the UK) from East Asia (Primark 2011). This split encapsulates one way in which services in the UK have grown; at the expense of other sectors. Another explanation for the expansion is the liberalisation of the UK economy. As globalisation took hold, the view that free trade was the most efficient way to trade became dominant, a philosophy termed neoliberalism (Peet et al 2011). The result was the formation of trade blocs and international organisations, for example the development of the European Union into what it is today. Flows of capital, labour and goods between constituents of the EU are uninhibited by tariffs and quotas, leading to a disproportionate increase of trade in services between the UK and Europe as the costs of trade fell. Evidence for how liberalism has worked is found in the Big Bang in London. In 1986 the UK government attempted the most rapid, and most comprehensive regulatory relaxation ever attempted by an exchange (Clemons amp; Weber 1990: 233). By abolishing trade restrictions such as the minimum scale for commissions and opening the exchange to outsiders, deregulation made the City more attractive as a marketplace, thus regaining its competitive advantage which it had lost to other cities such as New York (Clemons amp; Weber 1990). But as Londons capital-intensive sector grew in size and scale, so did the whole service sector. Wages were pushed upwards and created a mood of optimism (The Economist 2011), increasing the demand for lower-paid services such as cleaning, which are vital for a city to function (Sokol 2011). As well as this, knowledge-based services such as accountancy or stock broking also flourished due to the increased volume of trade. Globalisation, more specifically the spread of technology, has also changed the fundamentals of a service. The earlier definition of service comes from literature from the mid-to-late 20th century, but more recently services have begun to transcend the characteristics of being inseparable and perishable, allowed by technological advancements (OECD, 2000). An example of this can be found by examining the relatively new concept of internet search engines; it is a service produced at one point in time, yet it is available for use at almost any point in time and space, and by virtually unlimited amounts of people. Through technology, a whole host of different types of services have arisen, contributing to the expansion of the service sector. One particular new type of service is a business service (BS). Shown in figure 1, the increase in employment in BSs since 1980 is due to firms externalising and outsourcing work (Faulconbridge 2010), for example employing an accountant from a specialist accountancy firm rather than one in-house. Externalisation can be explained by the concept of the spatial division of expertise (Bryson amp; Rusten 2006, cited in Daniels et al 2008), which exploits the theory of comparative advantage for knowledge and expertise, at a meso-scale. As such, the demand for BSs has increased, pushing forward BSs prominence in the UK economy. Another impact is the widening of the North-South divide in England, observed at least as early as 1988 (Green 1988), during the Thatcher governments implementation of neoliberalistic policies. Evidence for this is found in much literature (Martin, 2010; French et al 2010; Mackinnon amp; Cumbers, 2011; Bryson, 2008), arguing that the spatial shift to services in the UK has been uneven; growth in knowledge and capital intensive services have been concentrated in the South-East and London, whilst labour-intensive (and therefore likely to be lower-paid) services developed in the rest of the UK, in particular the North. This spatial inequality of the UK service economy can be attributed to a number of globalisation factors, but one of importance was the already-established spatial division of expertise between London and the rest of the UK. London had been the capital of the workshop of the world, thus established as a centre of knowledge, so as global markets became more integrated, and with events such as the Big Bang, the size and scale at which Londons knowledge economy operated increased disproportionately relative to the rest of the UKs. Further to this, the divide is exacerbated by exposure to world market forces that results from liberalisation. The financial crisis of 2007 which started in the USA caused the collapse of Northern Rock, RBS, and HBOS, major banks whose headquarters were based in Newcastle and Edinburgh. French et al (2010) argued that their fates signalled the end of Edinburgh and Newcastle as regional financial centres, thus further eroding the spatial equality of types of services in the UK. Indeed, Newcastle is increasingly being known as being a location of choice for outsourcing call centres (Richardson et al 2000). Exposure to world markets was mentioned when discussing spatial inequality caused by globalisation. But exposure has also meant an increased level of competition in the service sector as TNCs expand their operations. An example of this has been the inward foreign investment in the supermarket industry by firms such as Aldi since 1989, creating competition and adversely changing the market structure from the view of domestic firms. Aldi hoped to create 1500 new jobs from 2008-2013 (Wallop 2008), implying that inward foreign investment has brought positive impacts for service sector employment. On the other hand there are some service industries for which increased competition has had very few positive impacts, notably the coastal tourism industry. Blackpools local economy is based heavily upon services related to tourism, but with the advancement of travel technology exposing this market to international competition, the tourism sector has declined considerably in recent years (Singleton 2009) along with its related industries. Figure [ 2 ]: Index of rise in Gross Weekly Real Earnings for full-time males 1978 2008 Source: Lansley (2009) Inequality can also be found at a meso-scale, in particular, the increase in the difference between the highest paid and lowest paid workers. Figure 2 shows that the rate of increase at the 90th percentile in the male wage distribution has been far higher than that at the 10th percentile. Although figure 2 does not isolate service wages from other wages, this rising inequality is still significant as services made up almost 90% of the UK economy in 2008 (figure 1). Van Reenen amp; Bell (2010) showed that the increase in the top end of the wage distribution has been mostly in financial services. Much recent media coverage has indeed focussed on high bankers bonuses. The causes of this may be partially explained with by theories which do not fit in the context of globalisation, for example the decline of trade unions being responsible for lowering wages at the bottom of the wage distribution (Van Reenen amp; Bell 2010). However, in a globalisation context, offshoring plays a major role. Offshoring, as explained before, moves lower-skilled jobs to least-cost locations. This means that domestic labour supply is now competing with labour supply abroad. If labour can be supplied abroad for cheaper, the domestic price of labour (i. . UK wages) is depressed, thus explaining the low rate at which low-skilled wages are rising in the context of higher-skilled wages. Alternatively, domestic demand for unskilled labour has fallen, resulting in the lowering of unskilled wages (Slaughter amp; Swagel 1997) Furthermore, influxes of migrants, particularly from the EU, have contributed to the impacts on the labour market. Whilst skilled migrants help to tackle the UK skills shortage, unskilled migrants provide excess labour market supply; lowering unskilled wages and raising unemployment figures. An alternative explanation is the migrant division of labour (Wills et al 2010), where foreign-born workers are more likely to take lower-paid jobs in the UK because the wage is still higher than what they might get paid in their home country, so driving down wages of lower-paid jobs in general. At the other end of the scale, the highest-skilled wages are being pushed upwards disproportionately because as global markets become more integrated, the rate of increase in global demand for skilled labour outstrips that of the global supply of skilled labour. Evidence for the concept of demand outstripping supply comes from Richardson (2009, p. 326): †¦ even in times of relatively high unemployment, employers frequently cite skills shortages as one of the business difficulties that they face. In conclusion, explanations of impacts of globalisation on UK services tend to be constituent processes of globalisation which are inextricably linked: the exposure to world markets due to trade liberalisation, offshoring, technology, and migration, but the impacts they cause vary greatly. Explanations may also rely on economic theory, for example, the impacts on the labour market. Exposure to world market forces, such as the current Eurozone crisis, may mean Londons position within the UK is compromised like Newcastles and Edinburghs was. Additionally, as shown by the contrast between supermarkets and tourism in the UK, impacts and their explanations are industry-specific. However, it must be realised that globalisation offers only partial explanation of the impacts discussed.  Politics, economics, sociology as well as wider geography play a fundamental role in particular, UK governments have played a vastly important role in shaping outcomes of globalisation.

The Breakfast Club Essays

The Breakfast Club Essays The Breakfast Club Paper The Breakfast Club Paper This movie is undoubtedly the spitting image of high school today. It is amazing how the themes and actions back in the 80s are still well and alive in 2009. I guess teenagers just havent changed that much over the past 25 years. People still act the same way and treat people the same way. Kids still get teased and the preppies still rule the schools along with the jocks. Nerds are still getting picked on and the freaks are still eating lunch by themselves. It is quite funny how nothing has changed over the past 25 years. Yet, no one is too eager to try and change that. That is basically what this movie portrays, a group of teenagers that are forced into spending the day together in the school library. What could possibly go wrong? Back in the 80s, teenagers were very much into things like drinking, drugs, and sex. Nothing has changed since then. There are still the exact same cliques with the same type of people that partake in illegal activities. This movie, somehow, captures the whole aspect of a teenage life within 2 hours. It is amazing how the director could do that with a certain budget and time limit. Although it may seem easy to write a movie about teenagers, we are very complex at heart. The Breakfast Club is about a group of 5 teenagers, 1 jock, 1 prep. , 1 nerd, 1 freak, and 1 hooligan that are forced into spending the entire day in the school library because of certain things they decided to do. Youd think this would get out of hand within minutes. But, after a few fights and arguments, they just might surprise you near the end of the movie. Now, every teenagers worst nightmare is a horrible principal that wont get off your tail. Well this principal is everyones worst nightmare. Hes a bully at heart and a determined one at that. He has his mind set on getting everyone to like him. Even if that means knocking a few heads together. Its the weekend, and five students have weekend detention. Theres a jock, a princess, a freak, a nerd, and a hooligan. Not much in common, except for having to give up their day, sit in the school library, and write an essay for the principal. Being from such widely different backgrounds and having such completely different personalities, its obvious that some frictions and shenanigans will develop, especially when the principal leaves the room. The students pass the hours in a variety of ways: they dance, harass each other, tell stories, fight, smoke marijuana, and talk about many different things. They even open up to each other at certain points in the movie with some of their inner secrets (for example, Allison is a compulsive liar and Brian and Claire are ashamed of their virginity). They also discover that they all have wrecked relationships with their parents. However, besides these developing friendships, the students are afraid that once detention is over they will go back to living their normal lives and forget about the day the spent together.

Managing Across Cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Managing Across Cultures - Essay Example Along with the major changes in the structure and flow of business transactions today, developed countries continuously aim to increase their returns on investment not only by transferring the Western management practices all over the developing countries but also in learning more about the culture and sub-culture of other countries (Jaegar, 1993). One of the most influential research studies on cultural values was conducted by Geert Hofstede. In line with this, Hofstede conducted an extensive research study which involved 74 different countries all over the world where he identified the unique cultural values in each country using the five dimensions known as: high vs. low power distance, individualism vs. collectivism, masculinity vs. femininity, uncertainty avoidance vs. uncertainty acceptance, and short-term vs. long-term orientation (itim International, 2011; Tian, 2004, p. 18). Upon examining the culture and sub-culture in different countries, Hofstede concluded that â€Å"cul ture is more often a source of conflict than of synergy† (itim International, 2011). ... Sub-cultures in China Based on Hofstede’s research survey report, China’s score on Hofstede’s five dimensions include the following: PDI IDV MAS UAI LTO China 80 20 66 30 118 Source: itim International, 2011; Anonym, 2006, p. 4 Power Distance The rank of China’s Power Distance is 80. This figure is considered high as compared to the average score of 60 in other Far East Asian countries and the world’s average of 55 (itim International, 2011; Anonym, 2006, p. 4). As explained by Hofstede (1980), â€Å"Power Distance explains how different societies treat inequalities in social structure†. It means that people in China wholeheartedly accept differences in authoritative power within a hierarchy in the society and that people in China gives low importance on egalitarianism (Hunter and Tan, 2005, p. 210). This is possible because of the historical background of Chinese people who were accustomed in having a centralized government authority which f ollows the law of Confucianism (Schwartz, 2007, p. 121; Hu and Grove, 1999, p. 6; Bargiela-Chiappini and Harris, 1997, p. 42). To simplify the concept of Power Distance, this particular cultural dimension is simply referring to the norms that are heavily reflected in China’s economic and cultural background including the existing relationship between a typical husband and wife, relationship between the parents and their children, the way political issues are being managed and religious beliefs which significantly affect the progress of China’s economic condition (Tian, 2004, p. 19). A high score of Power Distance is pointing out the way businesses are formed in China particularly with regards to whom among the family members have

Should gays & lesbians be allowed to serve in the U.S. military Research Paper

Should gays & lesbians be allowed to serve in the U.S. military - Research Paper Example Homosexuals need to be allowed the same opportunities as other people. Their sexual orientation does not make them lesser beings, and it should not be used as an excuse to bar them from doing things that they want to do (Carter 233). I support the idea of having gays and lesbians in the US military, regardless of whether they practice homosexuality or not. I do not see how why this group of well-meaning citizens should be judged for their sexual orientation and yet they are willing to risk their lives for the sake of this great country. For someone to sacrifice his life for the sake of his country and country folk, it requires a remarkable sense of bravery (Bourg 429). Instead of being viewed as unwanted people, gay men and lesbians wanting to join the military should be treated like the heroes they are. The introduction of the â€Å"don’t ask, don’t tell† policy has greatly improved matters for the gay and lesbian community in America (Carter 233). Homosexuals a re no longer required to disclose their sexuality on the enlistment forms. The policy also disallowed any military official investigating the sexual orientation of military officers. This gave homosexuals more freedom and confidence in applying for military positions. No one should be harassed just because they have a different sexual orientation from others. ... If one is to be discriminated against because of something that he or she cannot change, then that is very unfortunate because it would be tantamount to denying them their fundamental rights as citizens of America (Bourg 430). Being different should not be viewed as a weakness or as a moral wrong, rather society should embrace everyone since we all have something positive to share with others. Tolerating and accepting the gay and lesbian community may be a tall order for some people, but this should not be the case. Many gay men and lesbian women have served this country in different aspects with honor (Carter 234). When people say that homosexuals should not serve in the military, what they are portraying is fear about things that might never happen in the first place. This fear is unwarranted because it is obvious that homosexuals live very peacefully with other people, it would not be different in the military. The standard that needs to be upheld in the military is not gender ori entation; rather a lot of emphasis should be on attitude and behavior (Johnson 133). If the gays and lesbians have the right kind of attitude and behavior for military service, then there should be no problem enlisting them. There is no evidence showing that one’s sexuality may determine one’s efficiency at work. The only thing that comes in the way of efficiency is one’s determination or the lack of it. If a homosexual is therefore determined to keep the United States and the citizens safe, I think that he or she should be given the chance. If gays and lesbians are barred from military service, then what is to be said of their fundamental rights and liberties as Americans? The American constitution is categorical in the provision of equality in

Internation Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Internation Marketing - Assignment Example While retail stores and other associated channels provide arenas where final transactions take place and consumption begin, the impact of retailing activities on customer demand has largely been ignored in the theory of marketing, with few exceptions such as the late Hollander whose research has continuously proved to be of great contribution to market researchers. Hollander argued that the fundamental of market theory was aimed at understanding how retailers have acted (and still act) as consumption modifiers and gatekeepers. Likewise, Hunt noted in 1983 that marketing study involves the study of exchange behavior and institutional frameworks through which exchange occur. Hunt’s view was that the study should be a fundamental marketing explanda. Within the marketing arena, slow knowledge change on retailing has been achieved. This however should be the case considering the numerous technological and socio-cultural advancements the world continues to witness every passing moment. One exception for the slowness is the historic nature of most marketing research activities. Hollander noted that much study was a historical or highly â€Å"anecdotal†. The call for response to Hollanders challenge was echoed by Alexander in 1997. In Alexanda’s perspective, the importance of retailing and marketing to modern business development cannot be underestimated. Much action needs to be taken in ensuring that theories and frameworks that are developed are beneficial to the growing business world. One area that is of great concern is the issue of ethnocentricity in business and especially in international marketing although it has not been incorporated in previously formulated theories. From the facts discussed above, it is noted that marketing managers and market researchers often fail to take into consideration ethnocentrism in their conceptual frameworks, practice and

The Development Of Online Student Portal Information Technology Essay

The Development Of Online Student Portal Information Technology Essay First step of this development proposal is to study about the e-commerce system, and gain knowledge about portal and how they maintain them in real life. After study about current system and theories the student going to discuss and find out the aims and objectives of the system. Finally, the student has conducted literature search to find out the correct tools techniques and skills, in order to come up with expected system. Introduction This is the research report of online student portal. Which has to be design in order to accomplish the aim of this project. As we are in the hectic and busy world, the information technologies play a lot in every aspects of human life cycle. So in this project the user mainly going to be the student community who can benefit from the final product. The main reason behind this production is to make students life easy by creating such a product call online student portal. in order to get or in other word in order to fulfil their needs in one place, the Students need to get registered with the site to have access, once they get the membership they can have the benefit of the site. The benefits are the features of the website .the user can have access to News and updates, Quarries and solutions, buy and sell and ect. The student has studied about the current portals and conducted the user survey to find out the requirements and to do the requirement analysis. in order to find out about the technologies, tools and skills the student has done the literature search, and the evidence has been shown. Finally the student has start to do further investigations on implementing a payment system in the final stage of its development. As this is a academic project, the limitation on implementing a check out system like PayPal or google, going to cost some money. Problem of statement Aim To make students life style easy by giving the updates and changes in the field, give a chance to sell or buy study materials and tools and post their queries to get solutions from experts. Objectives Research objectives Study about e-commerce system Understand about existing Requirement gathering and analysis Understand the web based client server architecture. Study about database modelling and designing, tools that required. Learn about web designing tools and techniques Learn about client server side scripting languages like JavaScript/Ajax Research about system modelling and prototyping tools. Research about check out systems Practical objectives System modelling and prototyping Develop the system physical system Testing and debugging of the system Implantation of the system Installation and maintenance of the system Prepare the required documentation Requirements of this Project User requirements Coming soon System requirements Coming soon Functions of the system [how does the system work?] Coming soon Literature review The literature review is one of the most important parts in this project. In order to do the review the student has done the serach.The purpose of the literature search is to collect information about the technologies; tools, skills, and knowledge that require to develop and implement the system. In addition the student has divided the literature search into two sub to make the search easier; Technological aspects Collect information about the technological requirements that need to develop the software Ex:, front end development, client/server architecture, data modelling, database management, system security, system modelling and prototyping tools, software development tools and software testing tools etc. Project management aspects Collect information about various project management techniques which can help to develop the software more efficiently. Ex: project planning (WBS), scope management, risk management, cost management, time/staff managements etc. According to the literature search that has been done about those aspects the student has done the review. Software Tools and Techniques that required to this project In this project it has been decided to use following Software tools Techniques to get the output product that meets the requirements. Mark-up Language HTML ,XML,XHTML Scripting Language JAVASCRIPT,PHP Database management Software MYSQL Web Server APACHE server HTTPS Server SSL Certificate Check Out System Google Check Out HTML (Hyper Text Mark-up Language) HTML is universal mark up language based on SGML, to create web applications. Use to display text and pictures and graphics, to create table, frames and forms. Its enables hyper text linking whereby the text or the pictures automatically reference to other documents. The World Wide Web consortium (W3C) was formed with the charter to define the standards for HTML. The current version of HTML is 4.01. It uses CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) to define the layout or the appearance that displays by browsers, and it can load scripting language (Ex: Java script) to validate the users entries (W3Shcool).HTML can be edited in notepad or other software like Micro Media Dreamweaver. XHTML is the combination of HTML and XML languages, XML designed to describe the data and HTML to display the data. XHTML is properly nested language which means every open tag must have the close tag. (Chuck.M Bill.K, 2002) Screen short of Sample HTML in Micro Media Dreamweaver JavaScript JavaScript is a popular scripting language, it was designed to add interactivity to html pages, and it is a lightweight language which can be embedded within the html page. Its used to validate the form or create cookies to store in the users computers. It does not need any licence to use JavaScript. JavaScript can be used internally and externally which means JavaScript can be use in client side with HTML and in server side with PHP. (JavaScript Kit 1997-2008) Ajax PHP (Hypertext Pre-processor) PHP is a simple scripting language to create HTML contents.PHP is the language like ASP, PHP runs on all most every operating system.PHP scripts are executed on the servers including APACHE, IIS. Its support many databases such as MSQL, oracle, solid, ECT.PHP can be used in three ways as a server side scripting, command line scripting and to create client side GUI applications.( Rasmus.L and Kevin.T,2002) MYSQL MYSQL is relational database management systems (RDMBS) initially released on 23rd may 1995,that can be use to create reads and manipulate data, its popular database management software that can work on all the major operating systems, and its available for free. Apache APPACHE is a HTTP secured web server that is developed by the apache group, its on the internet since April 1996.current version of APPACHE is 2.3.6, its open source, available for free. (APPACHE.org) SSL certificate [Secured Socket Layer] The Secured Socket Layer protocol was introduced by Netscape to ensure the secure transaction between client and server, the protocol uses third party certificate authority to identify one or both end of transactions. It works on Application Layer. Its use HTTPS protocol with the SSL/TLS to provide encryption and secured identification of the server to ensure the security on World Wide Web. Check out The Client and servers the rdbms Why Database? Project management issues Project Management Project management is the application of knowledge, skills ,tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements.(Schwalbe.K, 2007) In this part the student consider about the project management aspect such as scope, time and cost which is called as triple constraint in project management to create successful project. Scope management Project planning (work break down structure) TASK TASK DESCRIPTION DURATION DEPENDENCIES Milestones T1 T2 Inception Feasibility study of the proposed system. Study about e-commerce System requirement gathering and Analysis. System requirements Functional requirements Non-functional requirements 28 days 12 days T1 M1 T3 T4 Elaboration. Logical design of theSystem. Activity diagram Use case diagram Class diagram Sequence diagram Collaboration diagram Design of GUI Meet the clients and discuss the proposed system and make any necessary adjustments 14 days 3 days T2 T2, T3 M2 T5 T6 Construction Physical design of the System. Divide the system in to subsections and assign software developers to code according to the outcomes of the use case and class diagrams. System Testing unit system testing Sub system testing System testing 30 days 20 days T3,T4 T5 M3 M4 T7 Transition Deliver the system. Installation of security and backup systems Install the system and allow it to run under supervision Provide training to the users and make improvements. 14 days T6 M5 T8 Documentation Finalise documentation and commissioning of the system 14 days T6, T7 M6 Requirements analysis Time management Gantt chart Risk Management Cost Management Quality management Human resource management Logical design of the system As this is the web-based system, the logical design is going to be on the front end which is interact by the user, in this case the website its self is going to be the front end of the system and the logical design of the database which is the most challenging part of the project. These are the two major thing thats need to design logically before its start the actual designing. The number of different techniques can be used to create data modelling, but in this project the entity relationship model going to be used. (KROENKE and AUER) UML diagram Use case diagram Class diagrams Entity Relationship diagram Site map Physical design of the system front end of the system appendix A php coding [user.php] $dbhost = localhost; $dbuser = root; $dbpass = ; $conn=mysql_connect(localhost,root,); //Connecting to the database mysql_select_db(studentportal); //select database called student portal $title=$_POST[title]; //create a sql query $firstname=$_POST[firstname]; $lastname=$_POST[lastname]; $gender=$_POST[gender]; $date=$_POST[date]; $email=$_POST[email]; $country=$_POST[country]; $username=$_POST[username]; $password=$_POST[password]; $cpassword=$_POST[cpassword]; $query=INSERT INTO USER VALUES($title,$firstname,$lastname,$gender,$date,$email,$country,$username,$password,$cpassword); mysql_query($query) or die(mysql_error()); mysql_close($conn); echo you are now member of this site congrats!!; ?> window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"de6e6cfad9","applicationID":"221047987","transactionName":"bl0HMhMFDEYCWhJeWlcXMBQISwdGEFgfRBpYShEPAggHGxNRFg==","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":1,"atts":"QhoERFsfH0g=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""} appendix b screen shorts of the system Figure11.1 screen short of index.html Figure 11.2 screen short of registration form

The Young Offenders Act :: Free Essay Writer

The Young Offenders Act This essay was written to show the advantages and disadvantages of the Young Offenders Act over the previous Juvenile Delinquents Act. Also it should give a theoretical underezding of the current Canadian Juvenile-Justice system, the act and it's implications and the effects of the young offenders needs and mental health on the outcome of the trials. In the interest of society the young offenders act was brought forth on april second 1984. This act was created to ensure the rights and the needs of a young person. Alan W. Leshied says "On one hand the justice and legal objectives of the act are being effectively realized while on the other hand the needs and treatment aspects of it leave much to be desired." The research of the Young offenders act is still ongoing but Leshied says that it is becoming clear that the custody positions have been in dispute since the act came into effect. The old Juvenile delinquency act states in section 38 "The care and custody and discipline of a juvenile delinquent shall approximate as nearly as maybe that which should be given by his parents, and... as far as practability every juvenile delinquent shall be treated, not as a criminal, but as a misguided and misdirected child . . . needing aid, encouragement, help and assiezce."(Page 72) If a youth is close to the adult age of 18 years they could be transfered to the adult justice system. This means that they would be given the same sentences as an adult including and up to life in prison. Many people have tried to correct this problem that they see as a weakness. Yet, so far their attempts have failed. Another weakness they find, is that the courts are expensive and unsatisfactory methods of dealing with crime that is not very serious. Before the fabrication of legal aid most young offenders were not able to obtain legal services. "Subsection 11 (4) provides that, were a young person wishes to obtain counsel but is not able to do so, the youth-court judge shall refer the young person to the provincial legal-aid, or assiezce program. If no such program is available or the young person is unable to obtain counsel through an available program, the youth court judge may, and on the request of the young person shall direct the young person to be represented by counsel.